Comprehensive Guide to Types of Curtain Wall Systems in Modern Architecture
2024/11/10Curtain wall systems, as one of the most important elements in modern architecture, play a significant role in shaping building facades. Curtain wall is actually a non-load-bearing external shell that acts as a protective curtain and will insulate the building against environmental factors such as wind, rain, and noise. These systems serve as both an aesthetic element and an efficient and effective element in improving building energy efficiency. The history of curtain wall usage dates back to the early twentieth century. With the advancement of technology and building materials, the use of curtain walls became more prevalent in tall and commercial buildings. Initially, curtain walls were mainly made of metal and glass; however, today with technological advancement, a wide range of materials are used in the construction of these systems. In the continuation of this article, we will examine different types of curtain wall systems, their characteristics, and their applications in modern architecture.
Fundamental Principles of Curtain Wall Systems
First, we will examine the basic principles on which curtain wall systems operate.
Structural Performance
Curtain wall, as a non-load-bearing external shell, transfers loads from wind, earthquake, and its own weight to the main structure of the building. Precise connections and engineered design play an important role in ensuring the strength and stability of this system.
Thermal and Acoustic Performance
Curtain walls have very good thermal and acoustic performance using multi-pane glass, thermal break aluminum profiles, and other insulators. This leads to reduced energy consumption in the building and improved occupant comfort.
Air and Water Infiltration Resistance
Curtain wall systems prevent air and water infiltration into the building using precise waterproofing and moisture-resistant materials. This increases the building’s lifespan and reduces maintenance costs.
Main Types of Curtain Wall Systems
These systems each have their own specific characteristics and applications. Below, we will examine the four main types of these systems:
- Stick System: In this system, curtain wall components such as profiles, glass, and connections are assembled at the project site.
- Unitized System: In the unitized system, curtain wall panels are prefabricated in the factory and then installed at the project site.
- Semiunitized System: This system is a combination of the previous two systems. In this system, some components are assembled in the factory and some at the project site.
- Point Fixed System: In this system (also known as spider system), glass panels are directly connected to the building structure without using a profile system.
We will now proceed to examine each of these systems in more detail, including their advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
Stick Curtain Wall System
One type of curtain wall systems is the stick curtain wall system. This system is one of the most common methods of implementing glass facades, where the main components of the curtain wall such as profiles and glass are assembled at the project site.
Features and Advantages of Stick System
The stick system enables the creation of diverse and complex designs and is suitable for complex projects. Additionally, modifications during implementation can be made easily.
Installation and Implementation Method of Stick System
In this system, first, vertical profiles are attached to the main structure, and after connecting vertical profiles to horizontal ones, glass panels are placed in their position using mechanical connections along with waterproofing tapes or construction adhesives. Finally, lateral connections and supplementary covers are installed.
Applications and Limitations of Stick System
The stick system is suitable for medium to high-rise buildings and projects with complex designs. However, the implementation time of this system is longer compared to the unitized system and requires skilled labor.
Unitized Curtain Wall System
Another type of curtain wall systems is the unitized curtain wall system. This system is considered one of the modern and widely used methods in implementing glass facades.
Main Characteristics and Advantages of Unitized System
The unitized system, due to being prefabricated in the factory, has very high construction precision and quality. Additionally, quality control in the factory environment is much easier than at the project site, and it enables the creation of combined and diverse designs.
Production and Installation Process of Unitized System
In the production process of the unitized system, first, executive designs are prepared by engineers, and then panels are produced in the factory based on these designs. After production is completed, the panels are transported to the project site and connected to the main building structure using mechanical connections.
Applications of Unitized System
The unitized system is suitable for large and high-rise projects, commercial and office buildings, hotels, and shopping centers. Also, for projects with short implementation times where construction quality is of high importance, this system is a very suitable option.
Semi-unitized Curtain Wall System
Among the types of curtain wall systems, we can mention the semi-unitized curtain wall system.
Main Characteristics and Advantages of Semi-unitized System
The semi-unitized panel system combines the advantages of the other two systems. On one hand, its implementation speed is faster than the stick system, and on the other hand, it has more flexibility compared to the unitized system.
Implementation and Installation Methods of Semi-unitized System
In this system, first, the main profiles of panels are produced in the factory, and then glass and other components will be attached to them. After that, the ready panels are transported to the project site and connected to the main structure using mechanical connections.
Common Applications of Semi-unitized System
The semi-unitized panel system is suitable for projects that need a combination of implementation speed, high quality, and design flexibility. This system is widely used in commercial, office, residential, and industrial projects.
Point Fixed Curtain Wall System
Another type of curtain wall systems is the point fixed curtain wall system, which is considered one of the most innovative and modern methods of implementing glass facades.
Unique Features of Point Fixed System
The point fixed system creates a very minimal and transparent facade and minimizes sight lines. Additionally, this system has high flexibility in designing and implementing complex shapes.
Installation and Implementation Techniques of Point Fixed System
Installing the point fixed system requires high precision and expertise. In this system, first, point connections are attached to the main building structure, and then glass panels are installed on the implemented substructures using special mechanical connections.
There are two main methods for implementing facades with point fixed system: spider method and clamp method. In the spider method, holes are created inside the glass, and the glass is connected to the substructure through connections inside the holes. In contrast, the clamp method doesn’t require glass drilling, and the connection is made through clamps that hold the glass from both sides.
Special Applications of Point Fixed System
The spider point fixed system is suitable for projects with special and complex designs, buildings with specific uses such as museums, shopping centers, and buildings that need high natural lighting.
Comparison of Different Curtain Wall Systems
In this section, we will compare different curtain wall systems so you can choose the best option based on your project needs.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each System
Among the most important advantages and disadvantages of curtain walls for each system, we can mention the following points.
- Stick System: The stick system offers great flexibility in design, the ability to make adjustments during execution, and better quality control on-site as its advantages. However, it has longer execution times, requires skilled labor, has a higher likelihood of human error, and needs workshop and storage space, as well as scaffolding, climbers, and other access equipment as its disadvantages.
- Unitized System: The unitized system boasts high execution speed, high construction quality, factory quality control, and the ability to implement complex designs as its advantages. On the downside, it involves a complex and lengthy engineering process, higher initial costs, and less flexibility compared to the stick system.
- Semi-Unitized System: The semi-unitized system combines the advantages of the previous two systems. It offers high execution speed, good construction quality, and suitable flexibility.
- Point-Fixed System: The point-fixed system features a very minimal and transparent façade, lightweight construction, reduced energy consumption, and high design flexibility as its benefits. However, it comes with very high costs, requires expertise for execution and installation, specific equipment, and has limitations in certain applications.
Comparison of Curtain Wall Systems in Terms of Costs
The cost of curtain wall systems depends on various factors such as the type of materials, design complexity, project dimensions, and geographic location. Generally, the point-fixed system is the most expensive, while the stick system is the least expensive. The unitized and semi-unitized systems also have moderate costs.
Comparison of Systems in Terms of Installation and Execution Speed
The speed of installation and execution of the systems is as follows:
- سیستم یونیتایز: سریعترین سیستم؛
- سیستم نیمه یونیتایزد : سرعت متوسط؛
- سیستم اتصال نقطه ای: سرعت متوسط،
- سیستم استیک: کندترین سیستم.
Factors for Choosing the Appropriate Curtain Wall System
In the introduction and examination of various curtain wall systems, it is important to note that selecting the appropriate curtain wall system for each project is one of the most critical decisions in the early design stages of a building. This choice significantly impacts the appearance, performance, and final cost of the building.
Factors Influencing Selection
Choosing the right curtain wall system depends on several factors, including the project budget, architectural design, local climate conditions, expected thermal and acoustic performance, installation speed, maintenance and repairs, and safety requirements.
Climatic and Environmental Considerations
Climatic and environmental factors such as rainfall, wind, temperature, humidity, and air pollution are among the most important considerations when selecting a curtain wall system. These factors influence the choice of glass, profiles, and connections.
Architectural and Structural Requirements
In addition to climatic factors, architectural and structural requirements also play a significant role in selecting a curtain wall system. These requirements include the weight of the building, building height, façade design, type of openings, acoustic insulation, and safety regulations of the building.
Innovations and Future Trends in Curtain Wall SystemsNow that you are familiar with the various curtain wall systems, let’s discuss innovations and future trends in these systems. The construction industry, particularly in the field of building façades, is constantly evolving and innovating. Curtain wall systems are no exception. With advancements in technology and increasing awareness of environmental issues, we are witnessing significant innovations in this area.
Emergence of New and Smart Materials
One of the most important future trends in curtain wall systems is the use of new and smart materials. Smart glass, which can change color and control the amount of light passing through, is one such innovation. Additionally, the use of lighter and more durable composites enables the creation of more complex and lighter façades. Self-cleaning and scratch-resistant coatings are also among the innovations gaining attention in this field.
Integration with Solar Energy Systems
Integrating curtain wall systems with solar energy systems is another significant future trend. The use of solar panels integrated into the façade not only generates clean energy but also enhances the building’s aesthetics. Photovoltaic glass can also be used for electricity generation.
Technological Advances in Design and Production
Technological advancements in design and simulation software allow for the creation of complex and curved façades with high precision. Moreover, the use of digital manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing enables the production of custom and unique components. Additionally, the use of virtual reality and augmented reality helps architects and engineers interactively visualize and evaluate their designs.
Introduction to Alum Gostar Company
Alum Gostar is recognized as one of the pioneers in the construction and façade industry in Iran, with years of experience and expertise in designing and executing various modern facades, including curtain wall systems. Utilizing state-of-the-art technical knowledge and high-quality materials, Alum Gostar delivers curtain wall solutions that are both aesthetically pleasing and highly functional. The company offers a range of services, including consulting, design, production, and installation of curtain walls, addressing the diverse needs of its clients in the field of building facades.
Conclusion
Various curtain wall systems, including stick, unitized, panel, and spider systems, each have their own specific features, advantages, and disadvantages. The correct selection of a curtain wall system, considering factors such as budget, architectural design, climatic conditions, and structural requirements, significantly impacts the appearance, performance, and final cost of the building. Recent innovations in this field, such as the use of smart materials and integration with solar energy systems, promise a bright future for curtain wall systems. Choosing the right system requires careful consideration and consultation with experts to achieve the best results. Our specialists at Alum Gostar are ready to provide expert advice for your projects.
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